PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOSOMATICS
(Gunter Ammon)
(Great works of Psychoanalysis)

Excerpts are below. 

Ammon, Gunter (1979).  Psychoanalysis and Psychosomatics. (click preceding link for information on purchasing from Amazon).  New York:  Springer Publishing Company.

Forward, Rudolf Eckstein

xvii--Ammon speaks about the hole in the ego that is unconscious filled with psychosomatic symptoms.  We all know how one could consider a flesh wound as a hole in the body; but none of us wants to go so far as to suggest that the ego be considered as concrete matter that may have a hole in it.

28--Groddeck developed the conception that a tendency was operative in the unconscious to seal off access to the individual's inner self: “The extraordinary thing about the process is that the unconscious equates physical and psychic invaders and treats them the same way.”

71--A "hole in the ego" can become the basis of psychosomatic illness. 81--Archaic ego illnesses are characterized by "an inability to demarcate one's own identity, by a symbiotic clinging to undifferentiated objects that is at the same time combined with an archaic fear of being swallowed up and destroyed by these objects...The symptom fills up the hole in the ego." 82--"The symptom represents the internalized mother of early childhood."

92--Garma:  ulcer illness:  an "internalized aggressive digestive mother."  The internalized evil mother acts aggressively against a person. Garma names the desire to keep the child in a dependent state, to suppress his efforts toward autonomy, to frustrate and ward off his aggressive impulses and his oedipal desires, as the main characteristics of a mother who, as the internalized evil object, causes the ulcer.

93--Garma then finds the following characteristic features in the psychodynamics of the symptomatic behavior:

(1)  A basal passive submission to the internalized, archaic, omnipresent  and controlling mother.

(2)  Severe guilt feelings and tendencies toward self punishment accompanying every attempt to separate oneself from the mother or from the internalized mother image.

93--The internalized evil mother is experienced as bad, indigestible food that "lies heavily in the patient's stomach." According to Garma, then, the peptic ulcer symptom denotes a separation that is experienced by the patient as an injury acquired when the umbilical cord was cut and an injury inflicted by the aggressively persecuting mother in the sense of a "guilty conscience" with which the internalized mother punishes the patient for his unconscious autonomy needs.

94--The psychosomatic symptom is the expression of a conflict between an instinctual desire and an archaic hostile superego in which the internalized evil mother, who forbids every effort toward autonomy, separation and aggressive and sexual activity has a dominating function.

94--Garma quotes a "well-known psychoanalyst" (Karl Menninger) as having once said: “According to Garma's theory, during autopsy one would have to find in the stomach of an abdominal or duodenal patient the false teeth of his mother.

94--In my view, the fear of losing the object--which Garma himself points out when he calls the peptic ulcer a "separation wound"--is crucial. However, here it is not so much the libidinously cathected object whose loss is feared and warded off as the "environmental mother." The psychosomatic symptom represents precisely this environmental aspect of a mother who fails in this function and has therefore inflicted a structural ego injury upon the child in the sense of a narcissistic deficit.  "The internalized evil mother" is an aspect of this deficit that she herself has caused and constantly maintains because the child is incapable of separating himself from his mother.

94--Richter & Beckmann (1969)--"heart neurosis"--The psychosomatic symptomatology is the consequence of a disturbance in the internalization of the early mother/child relationship, during the course of which, in a successful development, the "ideal object" of the preoedipal mother is assimilated and becomes a "solid internal possession."

Among heart neurotics, "the protecting, nurturing function of the mother (ideal object) has not become a solid possession through internalization.  It is this solid possession that could guarantee the narcissistic internal equilibrium. The ideal object is not assimilated into the 'self-representation'." The resulting threat of "internal disorganization" is warded off through symbiotic partner relations. In the psychosomatic illness of heart neurosis. The affected organ then replaces the symbiotic partner.

96--We are now talking about the ego-boundary--which can also be described as a psychic organ--that, by distinguishing between the inner and the outer world, between ego and non-ego, enables the child to say yes and no.  It lets him say no to that which does not belong to him, that which is non-ego, and yes to that which he experiences as a component of his own identity.

Spitz (1957) has designated the function of being able to say no as the basis of all human communication.  I consider it an indication of the gradually evolving ego boundary. The psychosomatic illness, then, appears as a disturbance of the no function.  the patient says no to himself, because he was not permitted to say no to the real primary group.  In saying no to his own body, he is still endeavoring, as it were, to establish a form of demarcation vis-à-vis the internalized object.

97--The psychosomatic illness...prevents psychotic disintegration to some extent, and it protects the patient from a complete object loss and a total identity loss.  The ego remains, as it were, "in touch" with its physical with the help of the psychosomatic symptom.  The internalized object of early childhood is simultaneously dissociated in the form of a physical symptom and--although destructively--is integrated into the body boundary.

99--Wisdom (1961) has made an important distinction between the hysterical conversion symptom and the illness:

the bad element (the introjected object that is experienced as destructive) finds it physical expression in hysteria, while in psychosomatic disorders; the bad object is reacted against.

The evil object is not symbolized, but warded off; the defense uses one's own body because a demarcation vis-à-vis the evil object did not take place on the archaic level of the body ego.

100--A perverse interaction with a fetish or with a partner/accomplice thus has the task of reproducing a preoedipal situation of togetherness with the mother. The pervert's partner or fetish, therefore, is an object that has settled in the area between the internal and external world, just like the preoedipal mother, whom the child experiences at the same time as an internal and external object, or, as I would prefer to say, who functions directly as his ego boundary.

According to Khan (1968), the pervert, by reestablishing a situation wherein he can experience an external object--the fetish or the partner/accomplice--as part of his own self, as his own invention, which at the same time has the quality of an external object, endeavors to establish a situation of "nursing of self and object in the hope of freeing and enlarging the ego into an independent and coherent organization and of achieving a sense of identity."

101--In the psychodynamics of the psychosomatic illness we find a surprising parallel to this dynamic that Khan (1968) depicted for sexual perversion:

 (1)  The patient experiences his sick body as a non-self object, to which he tries to establish a relation of intimacy in the sense of a perverse interaction so that he can experience this non-self object as part of his self.

 (2)  the psychosomatics’ partner, his partner/accomplice, is his own body.

In a twist of Freud's well-known observation, we can say that the psychosomatic symptom is the negative of perversion.